Alder

(Alnus spp.)

The genus Alnus includes about 30 species of deciduous trees and shrubs in NorthAmerica, Europe, Asia, and parts of South America. The leaves are simple, alternately arranged, and most often serrated. Male and female catkins appear in the spring before the leaves emerge.

Apple, Crabapple

(Malus spp.)

Ash

(Fraxinus spp.)

The genus Fraxinus is comprised of about 70 species worldwide, 16 of which are native to North America. Ashes are easy to identify because they are one of a few groups of trees that are both opposite and pinnately compound. The fruit of these trees is a single-winged samara resembling a canoe. The bark is crisscrossed with ridges and resembles a woven net.

Asparagus

(Asparagus officinalis.)

Asparagus is a cool season perennial grown for its young shoots which are one of the first vegetables to harvest in the spring. Asparagus cultivars can be grouped according to spear color - dark green, whitish-green or purple. Asparagus can be planted from seed or 1-year old crowns. If your soil is heavy plant on slightly raised beds. Asparagus is very hardy and grows best at elevations up to 5,500' on sites that have moist soil and full sun. Asparagus prefers a light, deep, well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0-6.7, but will tolerate a pH over 7.0. Asparagus requires high levels of phosphorus and potassium. Do not harvest new plantings until they are at least 2 years old.

Aspen

(Populus tremuloides)

Populus tremuloides or quaking aspens, are one of the most widely distribute tree in North America This is a broadleaf deciduous small tree with roundish leaves, white undersides, and flat petioles that cause the leaves to flutter in the wind. This tree can grow in sun or part shade, adaptable to nearly all types of soil, is fast growing, and relatively short lived.

Basswood, Linden

(Tilia spp.)

The genus Tilia consists of about 40 species of large or medium-sized deciduous trees. Trees of this genus thrive in loamy, moist, fertile soil, but will tolerate poor soils and adverse conditions. Trees of this genus vary greatly in size, shape, leaf, and growth rate. Lindens are primarily used as ornamental shade and street trees. The wood of Linden is generally not suitable for lumber as it is soft and rots readily. The name "basswood" or "bastwood" is dervided from the word bast (inner bark) that consists of long, tough fibers once used in the production of mats and clothing.

Beans

(Phaseolus vulgaris)

Snap beans come in various shapes and colors and are eaten in the immature stage. Dry or field beans also come in assortment of shapes and colors and are harvested for storage in the mature form. There are two kinds of snap beans: pole or bush types. Pole types produce later harvests over longer periods, but must be supported. Bush types have a more concentrated maturity and come on earlier. Beans should be planted when soil temperatures reach 60 degrees F. Beans prefer a pH of 5.5-7.0, and need adequate phosphorus and potassium for a good crop.

Birch

(Betula spp.)

The genus Betula is comprised of nearly 50 species of deciduous trees and shrubs, 14 of which are native to the United States. Flowers of this genera are monoecious and borne in catkins. Male catikins are formed late in the season, persist through the winter, and open in the spring. Female catkins appear with the leaves on terminal spurs-like branches. Birches are known to hybridize readily in the wild and in cultivation.

Boxelder

(Acer negundo)

Boxelder or ash-leaved maple is a deciduous multi-stemmed tree that grows 30-50 ft. in height. The opposite leaf arrangement is characteristic to the maple family, but this species is compound (ash-like), usually 3-5 leaflets. The tree is extremely hardy, is native to riparian areas, but is adaptable to other sites.

Broccoli

(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

Broccoli is a hardy vegetable in the Brassicaceae (crucifer or cabbage) family. This plant can provide two crops a year as it grows during the cool seasons of the year. Transplants are recommended to give the best start for spring planting, but direct sowing can produce succesful plants. Plant seeds 1/4-1/2 inch deep or transplants slightly deeper than originally grown. The edible portion of the broccoli are the unopened, compact, inflorescences and the attached stem. When harvesting, removing the central head will stimulate the growth of side shoots to develop for later harvests.

Brussel Sprouts

(Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera)

Brussel sprouts is one of the most hardy members of the cabbage family. It can tolerate a lower temperture (<40 F) and pH (5.5-6.8) than any of the other brassicas. Brussel sprout plants become about 2 1/2' tall, bearing may 1-2" ball-like sprouts resembling minature cabbages. Plant brussel sprouts 18" apart in rows 3' apart. Jade Cross Hybrid and Prince Marvel do well in our climate.

Cabbage

(Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

Cabbage is a hardy, cool season crop. There are green, red and savoy types shich come in early, midseason and late varieties. All need cool moist conditions. Most early varieties weigh about 3 pounds, miseason and late varieties weigh 4-6 pounds. Cabbage does well in fertile well-drained soils with a pH of 6.0 to 6.8. Cabbage is a heavy feeder requiring nitrogen and phosphorus in high levels. Cabbage has shallow roots and thus needs an abundance of water. Plant seedlings out a couple weeks before the last frost date 2' apart in rows 3' apart. Mulching will help conserve moisture and control weeds. Uneven moisture after heads are formed will cause splitting.

Carrot

(Daucus carota var. saliva)

Carrots are a cool season crop, hardy enough to be undisturbed by light frosts in the spring and fall. A multitude of carrot cultivars exists; from short, stumpy cultivars adapted to more shallow soils, to long and thin cultivars requiring more exacting carrot growing conditions. Carrots perform best in well-aerated, deep, loose sandy loam soils with a pH of 5.5-6.8. Carrots require moderate to high levels of potassium and phosphorus, but only a moderate level of nitrogen. An abundant and even water supply is necessary for good root development. Misshapen carrots are more often a result of hard, compact soil than any pest problem.

Cauliflower

(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

Cauliflower is a cabbage relative grown for its flowerbuds,which are clustered together in a head. Cauliflower is not as cold tolerant, temperatures below 45 F can initiate flowering or bolting. Cauliflower is a heavy feeder of nitrogen and phorphorus, requiring well-drained soils with a pH of 6.4 to 7.4. Cauliflower has shallow roots requiring an abundance of water. Do not grow cauliflower where any member of the cabbage family have grown in the past 3 years. Set out transplants about the time of the last frost 18-24" apart in rows 3' apart.

Celery

(Apium graveolens var. dulce)

Celery is a moisture-loving cool season crop, with heavy fertilizer requirements. Celery prefers a pH of 6-7,with a generous amount of compost or well-rotted manure. Celery seedlings are set out after night time temperatures are above 40 F. If the temperture is to cold it may cause seed stalk formation. Space plants 6-8" apart in rows 21/2' apart. Keep plants moist but do not mound up dirt around plants as they may rot in warm weather. Celery likes some shading in the heat of summer.

Chard

(Apium graveolens var. dulce)

Chard, better known as 'Swiss' chard is a type of beet developed for its green tops, which grow vigorously from late spring through to fall frost. Chard prefers sandy, well-drained soil with a pH of 6.5-7.5. To keep leaves tender, provide plenty of water and nitrogen. The prominent central ribs may be cut away from the rest of the leaf to be cooked and served like asparagus. The remainder of the leaf can be eaten as greens.

Corn

(Zea mays var. saccharata)

Sweet corn is challenging to grow, but is well worth the fresh picked rewards. It loses sweetness soon after picking. Temperature and moisture are vital to growing corn. Plant corn when soil temperatures are > 50 F, with rich light soils in a pH range of 6-7. Corn is a very heavy feeder and does well with compost worked into the soil before planting and side dressing of nitrogen rich fertilizer when its 12" tall and when it begins to silk. Plant corn in four rows so it is easily pollinated by the wind. Irrigate corn consistantly and well, especially when plants are young. Corn kernals can be white, bicolor or yellow. Cultivar groups are classified as normal sugary, sugar enhanced, and supersweet. Supersweet cultivars must be isolated by 25' from all other sweet corn or cross-pollination may result in starchy, tough kernels. Warming the soil before planting with clear plastic will increase germination.

Cottonwood

(Populus spp., except Aspen)

Cottonwood trees are all known for rapid growth. They grow best with regular deep watering, ensuring roots grow deeply to become drought tolerant. Do not plant near water lines or sewers as their roots are invasive. There are 30-35 species of poplars and numerous hybrids and named cultivars. Cottonwoods are commonly used in windbreak and fence row plantings.

Cottonwood, Poplar

(Populus spp. excluding P. tremuloides)

Cottonwood trees are all known for rapid growth. They grow best with regular deep watering, ensuring roots grow deeply to become drought tolerant. Do not plant near water lines or sewers as their roots are invasive. There are 30-35 species of poplars and numerous hybrids and named cultivars. Cottonwoods are commonly used in windbreak and fence row plantings.

Cucumber

(Cucumis sativus)

Cucumbers are members of the cucurbit family, which are a warm weather, sun requiring vegetable. Types of cucumbers include long, smooth, green slicing types; small pickling types; and roundish, yellow, mild-flavored lemon cucumbers. Novelties include oriental(long, slim, very mild), Armenian(actually long, curving, pale green, ribbed melon with cucumber look and mild flavor) and English. Cucumbers grow best in soils with a pH of 5.5-7.0 and 60°F. Set transplants out or plant seeds when all danger of frost is past. In small gardens they can be trained to climb a fence. Provide plenty of moisture and harvest fruits while they are dark green, if they turn yellow the plant quits producing.

Currant or Gooseberry

(Ribes spp.)

Currants and Gooseberries belonging to the Ribes species, are a multi-stem shrub grown for their fruit used for pies, preserves or sauces. Yellowish flowers are in drooping clusters are formed in the spring followed by red or white fruit in summer. They are easily grown; tolerant of any good soil; full sun to light shade. Their height ranges within the varieties from 4-8'. Propagate from softwood cuttings taken in June-July.

Currant or Gooseberry

(Ribes spp.)

Currants and Gooseberries belonging to the Ribes species, are a multi-stem shrub grown for their fruit used for pies, preserves or sauces. Yellowish flowers are in drooping clusters are formed in the spring followed by red or white fruit in summer. They are easily grown; tolerant of any good soil; full sun to light shade. Their height ranges within the varieties from 4-8'. Propagate from softwood cuttings taken in June-July.

Dogwood

(Cornus spp.)

Dogwoods are deciduous trees and shrubs preferring a moist well drained soil in full sun or shade. Some varieties can grow to 20 in height. Dogwoods have a fibrous root system and grows rapidly. Some cultivars have yellow or red twigs adding landscape interest in the winter months. Propagation by seed or softwood cuttings. Some species are used as hedges, for erosion control and the fruit is utilized by wildlife.

Douglas Fir

(Pseudostuga menziesii)

Douglas fir have a sharply pyramidal form when young; widely grown and cherished as a Christmas tree. Grows 70-130' height with densely set, soft dark green or blue-green needles 1-1½" long, radiating out in all directions from twigs and branches. Sweet fragrance when crushed. Reddish brown cones are oval, about 3" long, and have obvious pronged bracts, that hang down. Douglas fir prefers neutral to slightly acid, well drained moist soils. At one time the most important lumber tree in the US.

Eggplant

(Solanum melongena var. esculentum)

Eggplants, widely grown as a meat substitute in the Mediterranean region, are less common here because they require very warm weather - optimum growing temperatures of 70-85°. Eggplants come in various shapes from thin and long to short and blocky, and colors, white to purple. The plants grow 2 to 3 feet tall, with each plant bearing four or more fruits. Eggplants prefer well-drained, fertile sandy loams, high in organic matter. Eggplants require more nitrogen than tomatoes, with moderate amounts of phosphorus and potassium. Eggplant does best at a pH of 6.0-6.8, but will tolerate a pH as low as 5.5. Eggplants have a high moisture requirement. Set out plants when night temperatures are above 55°, 2½ feet apart. They will perform better with a plastic mulch to hold in heat and moisture. Pick all fruit before they mature; otherwise they will stop producing.

Elm

(Ulmus spp.)

Deciduous fast growing trees easily grown in most soils. Best with normal watering, but will tolerate low moisture conditions at expense of good growth, plant health. Root systems are aggressive and close to surface. Branch crotches often narrow, easily split. The elms are subject to many pests, which are fatal and control measures are not effective or available. Elms were once used extensively as street and lawn trees. The American elm was overplanted and when Dutch elm disease struck it devastated the elm populations. The species of elms grow between 50-100' tall. Some species have a weedy nature with their papery winged seedpods dispersing over a wide area. Once used in windbreaks and shelterbelts, new cultivars have been developed for resistance to Dutch Elm disease.

Euonymus

(Euonymus spp.)

Euonymus are evergreen or deciduous shrubs that are valued for their foliage, texture and form. Many uses as a landscape plant in hedges, specimen and border plantings. It's interesting foliage color and interesting stem character are best seen when planted in full sun to light shade. Requires only moderate watering after establishment. The best growth is seen in well-drained soils, is pH adaptable, with a fibrous root system. Easily propagated from seeds.

Fir

(Abies spp.)

Firs are evergreen trees in nature that are tall, erect, symmetrical with uniformly spaced branch whorls. The needlelike leaves are linear, long flattened and blunt-tipped. Female seed cones produced erect at the tips of last season's growth. Firs are slow growing especially when planted outside their native habitats. Firs require moist, well drained acidic soils and high atmospheric moisture with cooler temperatures. There are many landscape cultivars among the various species including prostrate, compact, pendulous, contorted, fastigiate, yellow-foliaged and blue-foliaged types. Native to Montana are the grand and subalpine firs.

Hackberry

(Celtis spp.)

Hackberrys are in the Ulmaceae family as are elms. Hackberry tolerates a wide variety of soils and moisture conditions. Common hackberry grows to form a 50' tall and wide canopy with 2-5" bright green, finely toothed leaves. The older bark forms narrow corky projecting ridges which are sometimes reduced to wart like projections. A good tree for park and large area use.

Hawthorn

(Crataegus spp.)

Hawthorns are members of the rosaceae family, are known for their pretty spring flowers and showy fruit in summer and fall. Most hawthorns grow to 20-30' tall & wide, with thorns up to 2" long. Hawthorns are tolerant of many soils but they should be well drained, pH adaptable. Douglas hawthorn which grows more like a large shrub is native to Montana.

Honeylocust

(Gleditsia triacanthos)

Honeylocust are fast growing deciduous trees in the Leguminosae family. Honeylocust grow to heights of 35-70', with open spreading branches and leaves divided into many oval ¾-1½" long leaflets. Honeylocust are late to leaf out; leaves turn yellow and drop early in fall. Honeylocust are easily transplanted, withstanding a broad range of soil conditions, drought tolerant once established, and salt conditions, and hardy from zones 4-9. Honeylocust make for a nice lawn tree, with light shade under tree allowing grass to grow well under it.

Honeysuckle

(Lonicera spp.)

Honeysuckles are deciduous shrubs or vines with tubular, often fragrant flowers. Easily grown in sun or light shade, adaptable to many soil types and pH levels, and prefers a well-drained soil. Many types of birds use the flowers and fruit as sources of food. They perform well with average summer watering and a severe pruning to keep in shape and looking refreshed.

Iris

(Iris spp.)

Iris is a diverse group of about 200 species, varying in flower color and form, cultural needs, and blooming season, although majority flower in spring or early summer. Leaves swordlike or grasslike; flowers showy. The four main groups are: bulbous, crested, beardless and bearded. The last three have rhizomes as roots. The most widely grown are tall bearded; in which many new varieties appear every year.

Juniper

(Juniperus spp.)

Junipers are evergreen trees and shrubs with fleshy, berry-like cones. Foliage is needlelike, scalelike, or both. Foliage color varies from a dark green to light green, blue, sliver-blue, yellow and shades in between. Junipers are the most widely used woody plants in the west; there's a form for almost every landscape. Juniper types include ground cover forms a few inches to 2-3', taller prostrate shrubs, and taller spreading or erect tree types. Junipers succeed in all soils except waterlogged. They are best grown in full sun to light shade.

Kale

(Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

Kale is a very hardy member of the cabbage family, with green or purple leaves, in which the central leaves do not form a head. Kale can tolerate a lower temperature(<40°F) and pH(5.5-6.8) than can other brassicas. In fact frost improves the taste. Kale can be grown like cabbage, though its culture is easier because it is not as often besieged by pests who seem to prefer some of the other brassicas.

Kohlrabi

(Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes)

Kohlrabi looks like a kind of above ground turnip and is another member of the cabbage family. Kohlrabi is eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable. Plant seeds in spring, ½" deep, 6" apart. Keep plants well watered as they are very shallow rooted. Kohlrabi should be ready for harvest in 8 weeks when they are 2-2½ in size.

Lettuce

(Lactuva sativa)

The 3 most common types of lettuce are: leaf or bunching, head (including butterhead and crisphead), and cos or romaine. Lettuce will happily grow just about anywhere with ample sunlight, cool nights (50-60°F), loose soil, and plenty of moisture. Optimum lettuce growing temperatures are 60-65° F. To high of temperatures will cause seed stalk formation or bolting, however there are many bolt-resistant cultivars. Lettuce is a heavy nitrogen feeder with a limited root system. Plant every 30 days for a consistent supply.

Lilac

(Syringa spp.)

Lilacs are deciduous shrubs or small trees in the Oleaceae family. Grown widely for their fragrant flowers, over 500 cultivars of the common lilac have been developed. Neutral soils are the best to grow lilacs in, average watering but can withstand some drought once established. Flowers best in full sun, but will tolerate light shade. Lilacs are used as hedges, screens and back of border plantings. Prune after flowering so not to minimize the next year's flower display.

Maple

(Acer spp.)

Maples are deciduous trees or large shrubs in the Aceraceae family, and propagate by seeds, which have wings. The seeds fall, spinning toward the ground like a helicopter. Maple trees will vary in size by species, some reaching only fifteen to twenty feet, while other can grow to seventy feet or more in height. Maple trees have inconspicuous clusters of green flowers at the end of the young shoots. All maple trees have three principal veins radiating from the base of the leaf. The leaves vary in size by species; some reaching only an inch or so across, while others can be as large as six or more inches. Maple trees have many uses. The wood of maple trees is excellent as a source of fuel, and can be made into high quality charcoal. The wood is most often used for its ornamental quality. Furniture is often made from the sturdy, fine-grained wood. Maple trees have a sap that can be made into sugar easily. Their great canopy of leaves calls for a steady, constant supply of water.

Mountain Ash

(Sorbus spp.)

Mountain ash, a member of the Rosaceae family, known for its fern-like foliage, clusters of white flowers and bright orange-red fruit. Most species are trees ranging from 20-60' tall. Mountain ash grow in average well-drained soils, pH adaptable, and hardy from zones 3 to 7. Most species make good lawn trees since the birds love the fruit. There are several tall shrub species(13') native to Montana, scopulina and sitchensis, which are found near moist areas and forest openings.

Oak

(Quercus spp.)

Oaks are decidious trees in the Fagaceae family known for their fruit (acorns) and wood. The wood is tough, durable, and attractively grained; it is especially valued in shipbuilding and construction and for flooring, furniture, tool handles, barrels and veneer. There are more than 80 species in North America, which are popular urban trees that tolerate a wde range of soil conditions. In Montana, bur oak is one of easiest to grow and tolerates more adverse conditions. Oaks have spirally arranged leaves with lobed margins in many species; some have serrated leaves or entire leaves with smooth margins. Many species do not drop dead leaves until spring. The bark of some oaks has been used in medicine, in tanning, and for dyes.

Onion

(Allium cepa)

Onions have many shapes, colors, and tastes of onions as there are uses for them in the kitchen: tender spring onions, red, yellow and white storage standbys, bunching onions, and gourmet shallots. Onions are a hardy, cool season plant that grows over a wide range of temperatures. Northern areas need cultivars that form bulbs under longer day conditions. Best growth occurs at temperatures of 55-75° F, in fertile, well drained soils high in organic matter. Onions are shallow rooted and need regular irrigation. You can plant seeds, sets or field grown transplants.

Parsnip

(Pastinaca sativa)

Parsnips are grown for their delicate-tasting roots, which can grow up to 15" long and 3-4" across at the top. They growing culture is much like a carrot except parsnips require less fertilizer and a higher pH (6.0-6.8). Optimum growing temperatures are 60-64°F, but will tolerate temperatures as low as 35-40°F. Parsnips are mature about 4 months after planting, ready for harvest in the fall, or if left in the ground thru winter if heavily mulched the flavor will be enhanced.

Pea

(Pisum santivum)

Peas are a cool-season moisture-loving crop, grown to utilize the whole edible pod or just the green peas. Optimum growing temperatures are 60-75° F. All peas grow on vines, most types needing support to grow on. Low-nitrogen fertilizer is used with peas because they, like other legumes, draw nitrogen from the atmosphere with the help of soil bacteria. Peas prefer a pH of 5.5-6.8 and lighter soils with good organic matter.

Pear

(Pyrus spp.)

Deciduous fruit trees in the Rosaceae family, with leathery, glossy bright green leaves and clusters of white flowers in the spring. Pears are of the oldest cultivated fruits in the world dating back over 5,000 years to Chinese farmers. Pear trees are of medium size typically reaching 15-30 feet tall and 10-20 feet wide. Most varieties require a partner for cross-pollination however some do not. There are over 3000 varieties, but only approximately 10 varieties in commercial production. The Bartlett variety comprises over 75% of the United States pear crop. Other European pear varieties include d'Anjou, Bosc, Comice, Seckel, and Winter Nelis. The European pear is noted for its soft, juicy flesh. The skin color is medium green to yellow, depending on fruit maturity and the variety. Skin texture can be smooth or rough. Fruit shape ranges from the classic pear shape (round base with narrow neck) to a rounded oblong shape with no clearly defined neck area.

Pepper

(Capsicum annuum)

Sweet pepper, also called bell pepper and hot peppers are warm-weather shrubs from the tropics. The plants usually grow about 2" tall and wide. The fruit of sweet peppers grow 3-4" long and 2-3" wide; they can be harvested green (immature) or if allowed to ripen they turn yellow, orange or red. Hot peppers vary greatly in size and shape, all have a pungent flavor. Peppers are started indoors 6-8 weeks before the minimum night temperatures are above 55°F. Peppers need full sun and warm growing conditions to be productive.

Pine

(Pinus spp.)

Pines are evergreen trees and shrubs with over 90 species in the northern hemisphere. Their number of needles in a bundle and size and shape of cones are the characteristics by which pines are classified. The pines are of primary importance in the production of timber, pulp and paper production. Turpentine, pine-wood oils, wood tars, and rosin are obtained from the wood of several species. The leaf oils of several species are used in the manufacture of medicines and the seeds of several others are suitable for food (pine nuts). Generally pines are more tolerant of adverse soil and climatic conditions than spruce and firs. Most pines are pyramidal in shape, but some can be pruned into hedges and screens.

Potato

(Solanum tuberosum)

The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop that was introduced outside the Andes region four centuries ago, and have become an integral part of much of the world's cuisine. It is the world's fourth-largest food crop, following rice, wheat and maize. Potato cultivars appear in a huge variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Potatoes require a loose, well-drained soil and plenty of sun. Potatoes are sensitive to fluctuating soil moisture levels; if irrigation is not well distributed throughout the season, growth cracks and knobby tubers will result. Potatoes are heavy feeders and require moderate to high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sulfur. Plant certified seed when soil temperatures reach 40°F.

Privet

(Ligustrum spp.)

Privets are deciduous shrubs that are most widely used as hedges. Privets all have clusters of white flowers in the spring followed by clusters of black fruit. Privets are easily grown in most soils and prefer full sun to light shade. Depending on species privets height range from 4-15'.

Pyracantha

(Pyracantha spp.)

Pyracantha is an evergreen to semi-evergreen shrub in the Rosaceae family grown for their glossy green leaves and bright fruit. Pyracantha grows fast with a upright to sprawling habit. The thorny branches need regular pruning to keep them in good shape. Used in the landscape as a hedge, topiary shape or ground cover. Plant in full sun to part shade in well-drained soils.

Rabbitbrush

(Chrysothamnus spp.)

Rabbit-brush are shrubs whose flexable branches are covered with felt-like hairiness. Rabbit-brush grows in dry open habitats in the valleys and foothills. Shrubs range in height from 3-5'. Clusters of yellow flowers appear in the late summer or fall. American Indians used rabbit-brush to make chewing gum, tea, cough syrup, and yellow dye. The rubbery twigs were used in making baskets.

Radish

(Raphanus sativus)

There are two main types of radishes - the regular small and quick maturing and the winter ones which are larger and more pungent. Most commercial varieties are red but radishes can be white, red & white and purple-black. Radishes like cool, moist growing conditions. They can germinate and grow at 40°F, but optimum temperatures are 50-65°F. Water heavily for the first two weeks after emergence.

Raspberry

(Rubus spp.)

Raspberries are easy to grow shrubs with biennial canes. The canes that have fruit on them in the second year then die with new canes sprouting up to take their place. Raspberries can be red, yellow or black in color. There are everbearing which fruit ripens on 2 year canes in summer and on the top of new first year canes in the fall, and the summerbearing which ripen early to midsummer on the second year canes. Raspberries need full sun and a well-drained soil with lots of organic matter in it.

Rhubarb

(Rheum rhaponticum)

Rhubarb is a hardy perennial grown for its red and green stemmed stalks. The stalks are topped with dark green leaves that are poisonous. Rhubarb prefers a pH of 6-6.8 and a deep, sandy, well drained soil high in organic matter. Mulch with several inches of high nitrogen compost each spring and water the mulch down well. Do not over harvest, so the plant will not be stressed. Harvest rhubarb by grasping each stalk near its base and giving it a sideward twisting tug. Canada red and honeyred are good red stalk varieties.

Rose

(Rosa spp.)

A rose is a woody perennial of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae. There are over 100 species. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colors ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach 20 feet in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.

Serviceberry

(Amelanchier spp.)

Serviceberry are deciduous shrubs or small trees also called juneberry or saskatoons. They produce drooping clusters of white flowers in early spring which form dark blue fruits, popular with birds. Serviceberry grows best in full sun to part shade and is tolerant of many soils as well as they are well drained.

Spinach

(Spinacia oleracea)

Spinach is a cool season crop that can be grown in the spring and fall and overwintered. There are two different leaf forms crinkled (savoy) and flat leaf. Spinach prefers temperatures of 60-65°F and is unhappy when temperatures reach 75° which causes them to bolt (form seed heads). Soils with good drainage and high organic matter are preferred. Spinach is a heavy nitrogen feeder with moderate levels of phosphorus and potassium required.

Spirea

(Spiraea spp.)

Spirea are deciduous shrubs that come in various shapes and sizes with flower colors of pink, red and white. Easy to grow in all kinds of soils, in sun or light shade, and average water. Form, height, leaf color and flowering season vary between varieties. Spirea has very few pests attacking it including deer.

Spruce

(Picea spp.)

Spruce are evergreen trees and shrubs that have many varieties of shapes and sizes. They are large pyramidal or cone shaped trees or dwarf forms that are useful in foundation plantings, rock gardens and containers. Spruce are used extensively in large scale landscape plantings such as parks, golf courses, highways, and public buildings. Spruce have a shallow, spreading root system allowing them to be transplanted as a large specimen easily. They prefer a moderately moist well-drained soil but can adapt to clay soils as well. Spruce trees are used for pulp and paper manufacturing as well as their pitch being used as a compound for varnishes and medicinal compounds.

Squash

(Cucurbita spp.)

There are four species of squash which are divided into summer and winter types in more shapes and colors than most gardeners will ever have the room to grow. Summer squashes are eaten in immature stages while winter squashes are utilized when fruits are mature. Squash insist upon full sun and warm temperatures >60°F. Squash prefer well-drained soils with lots of organic matter. Keep squash well watered as they have a very shallow root system supporting a large mass of leaves. Each squash produces both male and female flowers separately on the same plant, so pollination is essential for good production.

Stone Fruits 2: Apricot, Cherry Chokecherry, Peach, Plum, etc.

(Malus spp.)

The genus Prunus is comprised of nearly 200 species of five subgenera: plums and apricots, almonds and peaches, umbellate cherries, deciduous racemose cherries, and the evergreen racemose cherries. The species of this genus range from shrubs to trees over 90 ft. tall. Over 100 species have been cultivated as either ornamentals or as food crops. Trees for fruit production and many ornamentals are generally propagate by budding or grafting, while seed propagation is reserved for generation of rootstocks and breeding programs. The most common rootstock:scion combinations are: almond:almond and plum; apricot:apricot; mazzard cherry:sweet cherry; mahaleb cherry:sweet and sour cherry; peach:peach, almond, apricot, plum; American plum:plum in cold regions; Bessey cherry:dwarf peaches.

Stone Fruits: Apricot, Cherry Chokecherry, Peach, Plum, etc.

(Prunus spp.)

The genus Prunus is comprised of nearly 200 species of five subgenera: plums and apricots, almonds and peaches, umbellate cherries, deciduous racemose cherries, and the evergreen racemose cherries. The species of this genus range from shrubs to trees over 90 ft. tall. Over 100 species have been cultivated as either ornamentals or as food crops. Trees for fruit production and many ornamentals are generally propagate by budding or grafting, while seed propagation is reserved for generation of rootstocks and breeding programs. The most common rootstock:scion combinations are: almond:almond and plum; apricot:apricot; mazzard cherry:sweet cherry; mahaleb cherry:sweet and sour cherry; peach:peach, almond, apricot, plum; American plum:plum in cold regions; Bessey cherry:dwarf peaches.

Strawberry

(Fragaria spp.)

Strawberries, one of the easiest fruits to grow, in the ground, containers, or hanging baskets. There are many varieties in the three types: june-bearing - produces one crop per year, everbearing - produces two crops per season, day-neutral - produces all season long. June-bearing are the most common and thought to be the best tasting. Strawberries like full sun and well drained soils that are high in organic matter. The strawberry propagates itself by sending out runners (stolons) from buds in the plants crown which will root new plants. Most strawberry beds need to be renovated with new plants every 3 years to keep the planting in peak production.

Sumac

(Rhus spp.)

Sumacs are deciduous shrubs or small trees in our area. Sumacs are very hardy and thrive in poor soils. They tend to sucker and spread into large colonies if left unchecked. A large, loose spreading habit with many toothed leaflets that turn a brilliant scarlet/orange color in the fall. Several varieties common to the area such as staghorn which gets its name for the short brown hairs that covers the stems resembling deer's antlers in velvet.

Sycamore

(Platanus spp.)

Sycamores are fast growing large trees with lobed maple-like leaves. Brown, ball like seed clusters hang from branches through the winter. Easily transplanted; prefers deep rich, moist, well-drained soils but will grow in about anything. Older bark sheds in patches to reveal pale, smooth, new bark beneath. Sycamores are good for large areas such as parks and open spaces, but not in small yards and along streets. The variety "bloodgood" has some resistance to anthracnose.

Tomato

(Lycopersicon esculentum)

One of the most popular grown garden plants, tomatoes will be prolific producers if given a warm, sunny location with rich, well drained soils. There are two main types to choose from. Determinant types grow to a certain height and stop, putting all their energy into producing fruit over a 4-6 week period. Indeterminant types continue to grow, producing new fruiting clusters all season long. Tomatoes grow best at temperatures of 65-95° F. There are many varieties such as paste, cherry, patio, slicing, hybrid, heirloom and many colors to choose from. Pick varieties suitable to your climate and growing season.

Turf

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One of the most popular grown garden plants, tomatoes will be prolific producers if given a warm, sunny location with rich, well drained soils. There are two main types to choose from. Determinant types grow to a certain height and stop, putting all their energy into producing fruit over a 4-6 week period. Indeterminant types continue to grow, producing new fruiting clusters all season long. Tomatoes grow best at temperatures of 65-95° F. There are many varieties such as paste, cherry, patio, slicing, hybrid, heirloom and many colors to choose from. Pick varieties suitable to your climate and growing season.

Virginia Creeper

((Parthenocissus quinquefolia))

Virginia creeper is a fast growing deciduous vine with tendrils that can cling to walls by the adhesive-like tips, cementing itself, therefore needing no support. Tolerates most types of soil in sun or shade. Excellent low maintenance cover for walls and ground cover for almost anything. Turns a brilliant red fall color. Birds are known to spread the seed and it can become a weedy pest.

Willow

(Salix spp.)

Willows are deciduous shrubs or trees known for their fast growing nature. Willows grow in many soil types but need lots of water. All have very invasive roots which can be problems around foundations and drain fields. Some of the shrub types are noted for erosion control along stream banks.

Alternaria Leaf Blight

(Alternaria spp. (Alternaria solani on Tomato))

Alternaria is a fungus which causes leaf spotting. Leaf spots progress from older leaves to newer. Spots are circular with concentric rings, and often surrounded by a slight yellow area. Entire leaves may die and drop from the plant. Spots and cankers may also be found around stem ends on fruits and on stem.

Angular Leaf Spot

(Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans)

This is a bacterial disease causing dark, angular spots between leaf veins; tear shaped droplets ooze from infected tissue. As the leaf dries and turns grey, leaf tissue tears and shrinks. Fruit may exhibit circular spots or rotted areas.

Anthracnose

(Multiple Species)

Symptoms vary with hosts. The most commonly seen symptom is a brown, irregular, blotchy area that expands between leaf veins. Black, sunken spots develop on fruits, leaves, and stems of vegetables. On woody plants there are two types of foliar symptoms. Most common is necrotic, irregular blotches that expand. Less common is round necrotic circles scattered throughout the leaf. Symptoms look much like leaf scorch or frost injury. On raspberry, circular, sunken spots on canes start out purplish and turn gray in the center.

Aphids

(Multiple Species)

Very small (1/10 to 1/8 inch long), pear-shaped, soft-bodied insects ranging in color from light green through dark green, and pinkish to black. Aphids cluster on stems and/or undersides of leaves and produce "honeydew", a sugary protein mixture which is fed upon by ants and many of the aphids' natural enemies. Aphids move very slowly, if at all, and often appear to be attached to the plant surface by their sucking mouthparts. Young aphids, or nymphs, are wingless. Adults can be winged or wingless, depending on the species, environment, and time of season. There are many different kinds of aphids, most of which are specific to particular species, or genera, of plants. However, there are some aphids that attack many species of plants. Different species of aphids are often present at different times of the season.

Aphids 2

(Multiple Species)

Very small (1/10 to 1/8 inch long), pear-shaped, soft-bodied insects ranging in color from light green through dark green, and pinkish to black. Aphids cluster on stems and/or undersides of leaves and produce "honeydew", a sugary protein mixture which is fed upon by ants and many of the aphids' natural enemies. Aphids move very slowly, if at all, and often appear to be attached to the plant surface by their sucking mouthparts. Young aphids, or nymphs, are wingless. Adults can be winged or wingless, depending on the species, environment, and time of season. There are many different kinds of aphids, most of which are specific to particular species, or genera, of plants. However, there are some aphids that attack many species of plants. Different species of aphids are often present at different times of the season.

Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer

(Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae)

The adult moth is dark grey to reddish brown with a ½ inch wing span. The fully grown larvae is ½ inch long with a yellowish green body and a pale brown head.

Apple Scab

(Venturia Inaequalis)

Spots begin as small olive green circles with velvety margins that enlarge and darken to brown/black. Spots on fruit are dark and may be cracked. Yellowing, browning, and death of leaves may result. Early drop may occur.

Armillaria Root Disease

(Armillaria Spp.)

White mycelial (fungus) fans are present in the cambium and bark of roots and stems. Honey colored mushrooms (the fruiting bodies) may be found at the base of trees during wet periods in the fall. Some conifers (e.g. Douglas fir) produce resin at the tree base when attacked by Armillaria. Resin becomes evident when the fungus has moved up the roots to the root collar. Decayed wood initially is gray to brown-stained and appears water soaked. As the disease advances, the decay is white to yellow in color and is stringy or spongy.

Army Cutworm

(Euxoa Auxiliaris)

Adults are 1½ inch moths with dark gray wings. Larvae are tan, green, or black, 1½ inches long, and have an inverted Y on their heads.

Ash Plant Bug

(Tropidosteptes Amoenus)

Light brown true bug about ¼ to ½ inch long . Nymphs are oval, shiny yellowish or reddish brown and lack wings.

Ash Yellows

(Phytoplasma)

Infected ash trees show a variety of symptoms. The most dramatic field symptom is the presence of witches' brooms on the trunk and major limbs. Leaves on the broom tend to be small and chlorotic; the branches do not have a dominant shoot but are made up of many shoots. After several years of minimal growth, leaves will only appear in tufts at the end of branches.

Asparagus Beetles

(Crioceris Asparagi)

Adults are blue-black, ¼" long, with yellow-orange spots and red margins. Larvae are 1/3" long, humpbacked grubs that are green to dark gray with black heads.

Aster Yellows

(Phytoplasma)

This disease causes twisted distorted new growth (including leaf-like petals) and a yellowing/reddening of leaf tissue; it also causes hairy roots in carrots.

Bacterial Brown Spot

(Pseudomonas Syringae PV. Syringae)

Symptoms vary with the host plant. Leaf symptoms are small brown/black, angular-shaped spots with yellow halos. Spots coalesce and entire leaves may die. Infected flower clusters fail to open, turn brown and excude amber-colored gum. Infected twigs turn black. Infection is usually limited to new growth; stems one year or older seldom have lesions. Amber-colored gum occurs on bark surface around sunken cankers. Underneath cankers the inner bark is reddish brown and streaked.

Bacterial Spot

(Xanthomonas Campestris)

Leaves, stems, and fruit develop water-soaked spots that turn brown, circular spots without concentric zones as for Early Blight. Spots on leaves are frequently surrounded by a yellow halo. The center may fall out. Fruit spots are at first water-soaked and later become raised and scabby.

Bacterial Wetwood

(Slime Flux)

Wetwood is most easily recognized by the presence of a liquid that oozes from wounds, crotches, branch stubs, frost cracks, or other weak points of the wood or bark. As the liquid flows down the bark, vertical dark or light streaks remain. Oozing sap is initially colorless. After colonization by various bacteria and yeast, the liquid becomes slimy and is often called slime flux. Symptoms of nutrient deficiency may appear due to poor water movement within the affected tree.

Bacterial Wilt

(Erwinia Tracheiphila)

This bacteria causes wilting and death. White ooze is visible at any cut in the plant tissue. If you touch the cut and then draw your finger slowly away, the ooze will form strands.

Beet Armyworm

(Spodoptera Exigua)

Caterpillars are smooth and light olive green. Dark lateral stripes and fine wavy light stripes along the back are the primary markings. Adults have slightly mottled grayish brown forewings with a plae spot in the middle of the front margin.

Black Rot

(Xanthomonas Campestris)

Black rot is caused by a bacterium. It turns young plants leaves yellow, then brown; eventually they die. Older plants begin to turn yellow from leaf edges inwards in a V-shaped pattern; veins turn black. Black rings and yellow ooze are present in cut stems.

Black Spot

(Diplocarpon Rosae)

Round, black spots with slightly fringed margins on upper leaf surface. Yellow halos around the black spots can spread into yellow blothcs and leaves may fall prematurely. Raised, purplish spots may also be present on canes.

Black Vine Weevil

(Otiorhynchus Sulcatus)

Adults are dark-gray or black snout beetles about 1/3 inch long with wing covers marked with gold flecking; larvae are weevils, greater than 1/4 inch long, dark in color and thick bodied.

Black Witches Broom

(Apiosporina Collinsii)

Apiosporina collinsii produces perennial mycelium in branches and fruiting bodies on leaf surfaces. Mycelium grows mainly toward the tip of the twig and enters buds, petioles, leaf blades, and flowers. As additional shoots develop in the leaves, the fungus grows into new tissue and causes development of abnormally short, thick and numerous twigs. On shaded branches, infection is swollen and bent toward the ground. Diseased branches in open areas develop loose brooms. Many twigs in brooms die back during winter. Leaves on a broom are dwarfed and yellow. Branches that have brooms become less vigorous but will not die from the parasite. The disease has little net effect on the plant unless brooms are numerous.

Blackleg

(Erwinia Caratova)

Inky, black decay which starts at the tuber and progresses up into stems. Plants yellow and wilt. Leaves roll upwards at the margins.

Boxelder Bugs

(Leptocoris Trivittata)

Boxelder bugs are brownish-black and about 1/2 inch long. They have three red lines on the head and a bright red abdomen beneath the wings.

Bronze Birch Borer

(Agrilus Anxius)

Adults are olive-brown beetles with blunt heads and tapering bodies about ½ inch long. Larvae are white wormlike grubs with an enlarged flattened area just behind the head and no legs.